Huntington’s disease—a hereditary and fatal genetic disorder—has long been considered a neuronal disease due to the permanent loss of medium spiny motor neurons, the death of which over time is responsible for the clinical hallmarks of the disease: involuntary movements, problems with coordination, cognitive decline, depression, and psychosis.
However, a growing body of research, including a new study appearing in the journal Cell Reports, suggests that the disease may also flow from defects in glia, important support cells found in the brain. The new study expands our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the disease, and reinforces the potential of therapies that target glia cells.
Years of research in the lab of University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC) neurologist Steve Goldman, M.D., Ph.D., have shown that the two populations of glia found in the brain—astrocytes and oligodendrocytes—are dysfunctional in Huntington’s disease, and may trigger much of the neuronal pathology seen in the disease. Goldman is co-director of the URMC Center for Translational Neuromedicine and senior author of the new study. Glia cells play a critical role in maintaining the health of neurons and facilitating the chemical signaling between nerve cells. In Huntington’s, glia are unable to perform these functions, leading to a breakdown in communication between neurons and, over time, cell death.
“Huntington’s is a complex disease that impacts both neurons and support cells. To use an analogy, not only is the patient sick, but so are the doctor and the nurse,” said Abdellatif Benraiss, Ph.D., a research associate professor in the URCM Department of Neurology and first author of the study. “While the loss of neurons gives rise to the symptoms and the ultimate fatal nature of the disease, reversing glial dysfunction may give us an opportunity to intervene early in the course of the disease, keeping neurons healthy for longer and slowing disease progression.”
The new study focuses on oligodendrocytes and identifies how the suppression of a specific transcription gene called Tcf7l2 triggers a series of changes that impair the function of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). These cells constantly resupply the brain with oligodendrocytes, which, in turn, refresh the myelin insulation that helps signals travel in the brain more crisply. In Huntington’s, OPCs are not able to meet demand, leading to deficient myelination in the brain, which can be observed in Huntington’s patients in the form of white matter atrophy. When the researchers overexpressed Tcf7l2 in mice with the Huntington’s disease mutation, their OPCs recovered and restored the myelin that had been lost to the disease.
A sister paper from the Goldman lab, which appeared in Cell Reports last year, examined how the genetic defect that lies at the heart of the disease impacts the development and function of astrocytes, which support neurons and their synaptic connections. That paper highlighted genetic pathways aligned with Tcf7l2, found in both mouse and human Huntington’s astrocytes, that is a major contributor to synaptic dysfunction in Huntington’s, which in turn leads to the behavioral and psychiatric symptoms of the disease. Taken together, these papers provide a clearer picture of the genetic mechanisms by which Huntington’s disease impairs glial cell function and ultimately leads to neurological disability, while providing new cellular and molecular targets for potential treatment.
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